Women generally live longer than men across much of the world, and researchers say the difference cannot be explained by biology alone. Lifestyle choices, social pressures, economic difficulties and reluctance to seek medical care also play important roles.
According to health and demographic research, men have a lower average life expectancy than women in most countries. In the United Kingdom, figures for 2024 showed an average life expectancy of 79.1 years for men, compared with 83 years for women.
A global study published in The Lancet in October 2025 analysed data from 204 countries and territories covering the period from 1950 to 2023. The research examined differences in life expectancy and mortality between men and women.
Researchers identified several contributing factors, including genetics, immune-system differences, social behaviour and lifestyle.
Women generally have two X chromosomes, while men have one X and one Y chromosome. The second X chromosome may provide women with additional protection against certain inherited conditions. Differences in immune responses may also make men more vulnerable to some infections.
However, researchers emphasise that biological differences alone cannot explain the gap.
Delaying Medical Treatment
One major concern is that some men ignore symptoms or delay seeking medical advice. Reluctance to discuss health problems can lead to late diagnosis and treatment.
Issues involving prostate cancer, urinary health and sexual health are among the conditions that some men may hesitate to discuss with medical professionals.
Financial Pressure and Unemployment
Economic hardship, poverty and unemployment can also affect men's health. In many societies, men are expected to provide financially for their families and deal with personal problems independently.
These expectations may increase psychological stress when men face financial difficulties or lose their jobs.
Smoking and Other Risky Habits
Smoking, alcohol consumption and drug use are also identified as important risk factors. Researchers say that in some communities these behaviours have become associated with social activities and traditional ideas of masculinity.
The study also highlights concerns about online communities that promote dominance, emotional isolation and the idea that men should deal with every problem alone.
Social Isolation and Premature Death
Social isolation is another significant concern. Limited contact with family members and friends can contribute to psychological stress and other health problems.
A 2025 study involving more than 320,000 people in the United Kingdom found that socially isolated men had a 41 percent higher risk of premature death. Among socially isolated women, the reported increase was 25 percent.
Researchers say men can improve their health by seeking medical advice promptly, exercising regularly, maintaining a balanced diet and building stronger relationships with family and friends.
The central message is that improving men's life expectancy requires more than better medical facilities. Positive changes in lifestyle, social attitudes and traditional expectations surrounding masculinity are also essential.
